Apparts Andrew Carnegie Explains the Gospel of Wealth Essay Example For Students

Apparts Andrew Carnegie Explains the Gospel of Wealth Essay Later on e became a bill logger for the owner Of the company. Soon after, he became 3 messenger boy. Eventually he progressed up the ranks of a telegraph company. He built Pittsburgh Carnegie Steel Company, Which was later merged With Albert H. Agars Federal Steel Company and several smaller companies to create LIE. S. Steel. With the fortune he made from business among Others he built Carnegie Hall, later he turned to philanthropy and interests in education. Such as finding the Carnegie Corporation of New York and other educational institutions named after him. Carnegie donated most of his money to establish many libraries, schools, and universities in America, the United Kingdom and other countries, as well as a pension fund for former employees, He is often regarded as the second-richest man in history after John D. Rockefeller. Audience: Carnages view on wealth was expressed to mainly those who were wealthy organizations or individuals that could have been using their financial advantages in charitable and philanthropic ways to better humanity. Reason: Carnegie based his philosophy on the observation that the heirs of large retunes frequently squandered them in riotous living rather than nurturing and growing them. The Main Idea: The central thesis of Carnages essay avgas the peril of allowing large sums Of money to be passed into the hands Of persons or organizations ill-equipped mentally or emotionally to cope with them. As a result, the wealthy entrepreneur must assume the responsibility Of distributing his fortune in a way that will be put to good use, and not wasted on frivolous expenditure. In Wealth, Carnegie examines the modes Of distributing accumulated wealth and UAPITA to the communities it originates from. He preached that ostentatious living and amassing private treasures was wrong. Carnegie made it clear that the rich were best suited for the recirculation of their money back into society where it could be used to support the greater good, given that they are presumed to have a penchant for management of capital. This led to Carnegie using one of his most famous quotes: The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced. Significance: Even giving ones fortune to charity was no guarantee that it would e used Wisely, since there was no guarantee that a charitable organization not under ones direction would use the money in accordance with ones wishes. Carnegie disapproved Of charitable giving that merely maintained the poor in their impoverished state, and urged a movement toward the creation of a new mode of giving which would create opportunities for the beneficiaries of the gift to better themselves. As a result, the gift would not be merely consumed, but would be productive of even greater wealth throughout the society.

Sample of Fel Essay Practice - Caring For Your Paper

Sample of Fel Essay Practice - Caring For Your PaperThe next part in the processing of the degree plan is the sample of fel essay practice. This is a systematic review process that will help you a lot in planning your thesis defense. The degree planning consists of nine points that involve the college entrance exam, the composition of a thesis, writing the thesis and completing the thesis.You can only start this step once you have studied all the requirements regarding the four points. You have to use the sample of fel essay practice as a plan of reference for this. This practice is normally in the form of essays which you will be given the chance to make edits before it's submitted. The points are basically done and you can either polish your skills or just go with the flow of the essay.In the sample of fel essay practice, there will be made a proper preparation documents that you should read over carefully before you proceed with the selection of topic. The students have to read ov er the essay composition of a thesis as well as the details of the introduction and the conclusion and also the details of the book in which the dissertation is being prepared. You can leave the parts which are not directly related to the topic.You have to finish the preparation document by checking the points that you have done in your essay and taking a look at them with all the benefits that it would bring. You can use the sample of fel essay practice as an outline of the structure of the essay. All the required parts like the synopsis, the introduction, the summary, the conclusion, the introduction, and the body are clearly mentioned. If you are just going to use the example essay, you should be able to check that it should follow the whole structure outlined above.If you are going to work on the sample of fel essay practice as well as the other practice essays, you should always check that you use these two forms of writing for your thesis. For instance, if you are writing on c hapter headings and citations, you should use the form of writing. If you are writing on specific rules or regulations, you must know how you are supposed to add in this information. If you are writing on each individual term, you must also understand the style of writing it in this form.When you submit your thesis, you should try to keep the format of all the material in the paper. You must also make sure that the structure of the paper follows the point presented in the introduction. If you would want to use the sample of fel essay practice to create your own thesis, you should make sure that you also check it from time to time.If you are just using the sample of fel essay practice as outline of the paper, you should always make sure that it fits with the paper you have submitted to your college. This will help you a lot in not ending up with errors in the papers you are going to submit. If you would use the sample of fel essay practice for creating your own thesis, you will be ab le to know the format in which the thesis should be written.

Philosophy of Ethics in a Global Society

Cosmopolitanism This name was derived from the Greek word ‘kosmopolità ªÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ that denotes a citizen of the world. Therefore, cosmopolitanism is the conviction that all human beings on earth, irrespective of their physical separation or political associations, can exist as one in the same society.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Philosophy of Ethics in a Global Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This ideology aims to form universal solidarity with a positive attitude towards difference. It demands that the societies and cultures of the world should communicate freely. This will perpetuate the formation of peaceful, global allegiances and equal world communities. Cosmopolitanism is broadly manifested in global tragedies where countries offer financial, physical and emotional support to victims of the tragedy. The idea is, however, misunderstood because of its intrinsic ambiguity. This ambiguit y is brought about by its aim of promoting difference and equality among communities whose subject position is a product of history and culture. For this ideology to work, the world communities must be interdependent to the extent that the two communities cannot exist without each other. This notion is yet to take hold in the world as some countries are more economically advanced than others. Patriotism Patriotism refers to the act of loving one’s country, and being ready to support, serve and defend it. This is inspired by a positive change and a zealous concern for its citizens. Philosophically, patriotism is more than just mere love for one’s country. In more elaborate terms, it is a special affection for one’s mother country. Patriotism is associated with the sense of identification with one’s country and a deep concern for its wellbeing. Often it is marked by the willingness to make sacrifices for the country’s good. The terms ‘love†™ and ‘special affection’ can be used interchangeably in defining patriotism. The description and identification of patriotism by one’s enthusiasm to sacrifice oneself for the country must be innately implied and not brought in as a detached aspect of patriotism. People who exercise patriotism are referred to as patriots and are said to be patriotic.Advertising Looking for assessment on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the existence of patriots, there are critics of patriotism who consider it immoral and stupid for one to place his/her country’s needs before his/her own. Moreover, they consider supporting one’s country at the peril of another as immoral behavior. Human rights Legitimation Human rights are the privileges one should enjoy in the world without any interference from external parties. The UN has a list of all the civil liberties a person is entitled to right fr om one’s birth date. Human rights legitimation, therefore, refers to the process of making a human right legitimate by attaching it to the morals and values of the society. Human rights have been influential in shaping political intuitions and averting the suffering of humans around the world. However, what constitutes a human right is a controversial topic. Some philosophers suggest that the composition of these rights is the thin moral fiber of the society. This implies that what society considers a basic privilege, for which one is entitled to, should be a human right. Through a comparison of the human communities around the world, and how they carry out activities, one can form a list of the minimum rights found in most communities and include them as human rights. Some argue that these rights should act as the benchmark for privileges to citizens in well-ordered political institutions. In the modern world, most human rights legitimation is as a result of treaties and jud icial decisions. Such would be like the 13th amendment that banned slavery. The right not to be subject to slavery or servitude arouse from such law or judicial decisions. Human rights justification Most of the human rights have been brought about by the occurrence of an issue that resulted to human suffering. These rights are here to rescue and act as a remedy to some of these actions. In short, they are meant to protect human beings against suffering. They have been incorporated into law so as to give the respective government ground of prosecution in case of their violation. Human rights justification refers to the depiction of human rights as reasonable and necessary. For instance, in case of a contentious debate on whether certain rights should be termed as human rights, those in favor of a positive judgment would have to defend their claims.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Philosophy of Ethics in a Global Society specifically for you for o nly $16.05 $11/page Learn More This process can be termed as human rights justification. It entails providing evidence that Human rights should be upheld, and the violators should be tried in a court of law. Human rights justification also encompasses the defense of certain actions, formerly excluded from human rights list, to be included in future. This will have the primary function of combating perpetration of certain evils against human beings in later years. Humanitarian aid Humanitarian aid is the assistance given by one country to another. This aid is aimed at reducing human suffering among a disadvantaged population or helping out a country in an area it lacks the necessary expertise. This means that aid can take on several forms. It could be technical aid, product aid or financial aid. The aid may be given to different sectors of a country such as the government, nonprofit making organization, and private institutions or directly to the people. Aid comes as a remedy to a unique situation. The situation could be long term projects like building of schools or an immediate crisis. The providers of aid also vary from governments, nonprofit making organizations, and multilateral organization to religious groups. Humanitarian aid implies immediate aid that comes in after a calamity either caused by a natural disaster such as a hurricane or human distractions such as terrorism. It targets to stop continued human suffering in the short term and prevent loss of life. Global justice This is a notion propelled by the assumption that the whole world is unfair or unjust. In the entire world, people are seen to exercise great concern for family members and acquaintances but show little concern for outsiders. Some ancient philosophers liken the Diogenes of Sinope described themselves as citizens of the world. Some of the world’s thinkers have suggested that people owe to others a duty to care and to do good without discriminating from one citiz en to another.Advertising Looking for assessment on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The issue of global justice came to greater significance in recent history. This was caused by development of international organizations such as the United Nations. This made political philosophers tackle the issue of justice outside the domestic realm. The main object of global justice is distributive equality. To elaborate this, the Canadian government allocates $3/per day to farmers to cater for cattle food. In the same world, the World Bank limit for poverty is $2/per day. This poses the question of equality on whether cattle are more important than those living in the third world. By the standards of global justice, caring should also be defined as a moral obligation or an admirable charity. Immigration and refuges Immigration refers to the illegal settlement into a foreign country while refugees are people forced into a foreign land by the persecution in their country. There are several important and legitimate questions relating to the issues of immigration. This border on t he rights that accrue to search people and the conduct they should be accorded. The main reason why a nation closes its borders to external access is the prevalent need for the country to preserve it culture. Persons are not welcoming to the idea of diluting their control on progression of their culture. Another argument to this is sustenance of the economy. There is a belief that the economy can only support a limited number of people. Any influx of people will hurt the economy. Similarly, there is the issue of distribution of resources. Some states that offer state benefits like Canada must restrict the number of immigrants to avoid straining its resources. Consequently, countries may be firm on immigrants but lenient on the refugees. Sovereignty and morality Sovereignty is the quality of exhibiting dominion or superiority over a geographical region. Morality, on the other hand, is the ability to separate what is right or wrong. These are the most practical branches of philosophy in the political realm. They are also the most misused by politicians who justify actions that do not tally with these definitions. Sovereignty has evolved to mean supreme authority over a political territory. In can also be comprehended by looking at those in authority, its completeness and the inner and outer extents it assumes. The political institution in which sovereignty is personified is the state. Sovereignty has several concepts such as the holder of sovereignty possesses authority. The authority must be derived from a legitimate source both acknowledged by the holder and the subjects. Such sources are constitution, law, customs and many others. Morality arises as the rightful use the power or authority not to coarse or subject people to suffering. This has been highly misused by politicians. Lasting peace Peace means living in harmony. There have been many theories and policies put forth as a means to restore peace in the world. Some practical politicians consider lasting peace as an illusion that can be achieved. The most common way of achieving this has been through treaties. Some of the guidelines are that in a peace treaty among states, no provisions should be made for a future war. This qualifies the treaty a mere suspension of hostilities. No state should be owned or come under the dominion by another state trough donation or purchase. In addition, the state is not merely the political boundaries but the people who live under that land. A state should not interfere with the constitution of another state for there is no justifiable reason to do so. It is also vital to note that the state of two men living in harmony is not the natural state of human nature; disagreements are human. However, this does not imply persistent hostility. It is necessary that each one takes it upon himself to maintain peace. Just war and humanitarian intervention The doctrines of just war were defined by jurist and theologians with a careful and effective study of viol ent conflict. This concept of just war takes a dangerous turn when politicians invoke them to dictate diplomacy. The definition given is just a convenient one for them to take the action they want. Humanitarian intervention is the act of one country attacking another country on grounds that the attacked country has foul violations of human rights. There is no law governing the conditions or circumstances of taking this action. It is thus assumed that the moral, ethics and political factors determine the direction the intervention will take. The law also plays a major role, but it does not clearly give ground of definite attack such as defending its borders. The underlying reason for the intervention is the threat of using military action as a means to achieve the said objective. It is also the invasion of a country that has done nothing to contravene the security status of the attacking country. This implies the country has committed no act of aggression towards the attacking countr y. The law of peoples This is a concept that aims to align itself with international law. It formalizes the formation of an original opinion that will safeguard the rights of people and justice. The original opinion is formed by a representative elected by the people to an institution. This institution will form laws that will govern the people of that political territory. There are principles under which this are made. These include an organized government, independent and free people, whose freedom and independence is upheld. For instance, people have right of self-defense but not right of war; people are to obey the obligation of non-intervention; people are to respect human rights; people are to honor contracts and undertakings; people have an obligation to offer assistance to others who live under suppressive conditions that infringe on their rights. In short, these are guidelines that dictate how people should live in a society. They are aimed at developing and supporting peac eful coexistence among different individuals. Tolerance, pluralism and multi- culturalism As the world evolves day by day, the concept of political borders becomes less defined and less important. The world is slowly transforming into a global village with increased movements and interactions. Different people in the world come from different places with different beliefs and cultural systems shaped by history and society. This brings the issue of tolerance. Tolerance is defined as an objective and sane consideration of the other person’s point of view. For instance, foreigners could have different beliefs from those of the local community of a country. Pluralism is a direct descendant to this trend of intense cultural interaction. It implies diversity of views as would result from people of different cultures interacting. On the other hand, Multi-culturalism is a way of responding to diverse cultural and religious beliefs. Multi-culturalism has brought the issue of group dif ferentiated rights. This is the exemption from a certain law due to religious or cultural affiliation. These interactions must be adequately monitored to maintain peace in the growing society. They pose a potential conflict area with a sharp reaction from natives over the â€Å"invasion† of their society by the foreigners. This assessment on Philosophy of Ethics in a Global Society was written and submitted by user Brendon Love to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What Is a High School Equivalency Diploma How to Get Yours

What Is a High School Equivalency Diploma How to Get Yours SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you dropped out of high school or are considering dropping out, there are other ways to earn credentials that are considered equal to a high school diploma. A High School Equivalency Diploma (HSED) is one option that you might consider as an alternative to a GED or traditional high school diploma. I'll give you the details on what a High School Equivalency Diploma is, how you can get one, and how to decide if it's the right choice for your situation. What Is a High School Equivalency Diploma? An HSED is considered equivalent to a regular high school diploma, but you can earn it at a later date after dropping out of high school. Most professional jobs require at least a high school diploma, so it will almost certainly benefit your career if you go through an HSED program. Employers, colleges, and certain branches of the military may prefer the HSED over the GED because the HSED's requirements are more extensive. This relates to one potential downside of the HSED: you will most likely have to take more classes or tests (as compared to the GED) to get it. If you’ve earned Social Studies and Health credits in the past; however, it may be very simple to get these requirements out of the way. Why Would You Want to Get Your High School Equivalency Diploma? The HSED is a good option for students who haven't had the chance to earn a traditional high school diploma. It's accepted by most employers and colleges as a substitute for a high school diploma, so it will give you more opportunities in your career and education. The difference between an HSED and a GED is not hugely significant, but there are cases where the HSED is preferred. Though both credentials are technically the same, a GED only indicates that you've passed a test, whereas an HSED indicates that you've passed a test and completed some other coursework. The HSED is also technically equivalent to a regular high school diploma, but in practice, most employers and colleges prefer the traditional diploma. If you still have the opportunity to go back and complete your course of study in high school (in most states you can do this if you're under 20), I would recommend that you do so instead of earning an HSED or GED. A regular high school diploma is more highly respected because it indicates that you were able to persevere through long-term assignments as opposed to just being able to pass a test and complete a few additional requirements. Still, if going back to high school isn't an option for you, an HSED is the next best thing. Thanks, creepy 1950s-style children! What Are the Requirements for a High School Equivalency Diploma? In certain states, you will need to take the HiSET or High School Equivalency Test to show that you have mastered the skills necessary to earn your diploma. The test is comprised of five smaller subtests that range from 65 minutes to 2 hours in length: Language Arts-Reading (40 multiple-choice questions) Language Arts-Writing (50 multiple-choice questions and an essay) Mathematics (50 multiple-choice questions) Science (50 multiple-choice questions) Social Studies (50 multiple-choice questions) The HiSET is offered in English and Spanish, and accommodations are available for test-takers with disabilities upon request. States offering the HiSET include California, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Tennessee, and Wyoming. In states where the HiSET is not offered, you will need to take the General Educational Development (GED) test as one of the requirements for earning your HSED. This test has four subjects: Reasoning Through Language Arts, Mathematical Reasoning, Science, and Social Studies. There is one essay question in the Reading Through Language Arts section and one in the Social Studies section, along with two short answer questions in the Science section. The rest of the questions are multiple choice. The content of the test was recently updated in 2014 to incorporate more textual analysis and specific mathematical and writing skills. You can read more about the changes here. Both the HiSET and the GED tests are taken on the computer rather than as pencil and paper exams. An HSED is different from a GED certificate because it has a couple of extra requirements. To earn an HSED, you will need to fulfill requirements in the subjects of health, civic literacy, and employability skills in addition to taking a core subject exam like the HiSET or GED test. The requirements for health and civics can be satisfied by passing two untimed exams, by showing that you’ve earned 0.5 Health credits and 3 Social Studies credits in the past, or by passing a 30-hour course in each subject. If you can provide proof of credits in the form of a high school transcript, you won’t need to take the extra tests or classes. For the employability skills requirement, you will have to create a resume and participate in a course that will help you come up with a career plan. Different states have varying eligibility requirements for students hoping to earn a High School Equivalency Diploma. You must be at least 16 to take either the GED or the HiSET; in some states, the minimum age is 17. You also can’t be currently enrolled in high school and must meet your state’s requirements for the amount of time you’ve been out of school. In California, for example, if you’re only 17 and you want to take the HiSET, you must have been out of high school for at least 60 consecutive days and provide a letter of request from the military, a postsecondary institution, or a potential employer. Consult this page for state-by-state HiSET eligibility requirements and this page for links to state GED test eligibility requirements. If you learned about these dudes at some point in high school, you might be able to get out of the Social Studies requirement. Should You Try to Get Your HSED? There are a couple of things you should consider before deciding to get your HSED: Can You Still Go Back to High School? First of all, are you young enough that going back to high school is an option? Different states have different policies, but typically if you're under the age of 20, you can still re-enroll in high school. Overall, it's better to get a regular high school diploma than an HSED or a GED. If it's at all possible for you to return to high school, you should seriously consider doing so. What Are Your Career and Educational Goals? The purpose of earning an HSED is to increase your potential in the job world and possibly attend college. In almost any career field, it's vital or at least beneficial to have a high school diploma. If you hope to go to college, it's essential. Still, before you earn an HSED, you should start investigating what you want to do or where you want to go to college. You may need to consider other requirements, and you might decide to wait a bit before starting an HSED program, depending on your current financial situation and the steps you need to take to fulfill your goals. If you have career goals that don't require a high school diploma for entry-level positions, you could decide to get some work experience under your belt first and earn an HSED at a later date. In some cases, you might want to break ground in the job world before going after your HSED. How Can You Find an HSED Program? Will It Cost Money? HSED tests and courses can be found at many community colleges and adult education centers all over the country. For the HiSET, you can schedule a testing date through your online account or by calling ETS customer service at 1-855-MyHiSET (1-855-694-4738). Use this link to search for HiSET test centers near you. If your state is not on the list of states that offer the HiSET, you will be taking the GED test to fulfill HSED requirements instead. You can call 1-800-62-MYGED (800-626-9433) for a referral to prep programs and testing sites near you, along with a practice test and an informational brochure. Courses are free, although you will have to pay a fee to take the exams. The total cost is $145 for the GED test if you don’t have to retake any subtests. Retakes are $10 for each of the core subject tests and $5 for the health and civics tests. The HiSET is typically slightly less expensive, but fees vary by state. Again, check the page on eligibility requirements for more information about how much the HiSET costs in each state. Get in touch with your state’s contact person for the GED or with ETS Customer Service for the HiSET if you have any additional questions about the tests and courses that make up the program and where you can take them. The HiSET and the GED tests cost some money, but these stacks of ones would probably cover both of them. What's Next? Is the GED a better fit for your needs? Learn how to get your GED online here. We also have a collection of the best GED practice tests for you to use in your studying. You don't necessarily have to earn a stellar GPA in high school to get into college. Take a look at our list of the best colleges with low GPA requirements. If you're hoping to attend college but are unsure how to begin the search process, check out this step by step guide for doing college research. Students who earn an HSED or GED may choose to attend community college for a year or two and then transfer to a four-year college. Read our complete guide to transferring colleges to learn more about this process. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Why is obesity such a problem nowadays in America Research Paper

Why is obesity such a problem nowadays in America - Research Paper Example 0 established that the proportion of Americans who have the most severe obesity condition did actually quadruple from one person in every 200 to one person in every 50 people studied meaning that such people have at least an extra 100 pounds of flesh on their bodies. The issue of obesity has been all along considered a medical condition whose causes are more than one (Centers for Disease Control). However, not much emphasis had been put on the issue of obesity until recently when it came to be linked to many other social and medical conditions. The social stigma and medical worries attributed to obesity have helped fuel the current atmosphere where obesity has been hyped as being a major problem in the US today. This paper seeks to expound on these findings and others by engaging in a discussion that will shed more light on why many Americans have found reason to worry about being obese and how this is currently a big problem in the US and for the American people (Pollan). The discus sion will borrow heavily from various credible researches done by different organizations and use secondary sources to establish and add evidence to the argument. There are many things that have been attributed to one being obese. Obesity has been found to be a very complex situation that arises out of metabolic, neurological and at times genetic causes and is usually exhibited by someone being overweight, plump or bulge. Currently, obesity has been declared one of the national health crises in America. In case the trend continues and the numbers keep soaring, then there are all possibilities that obesity will overtake smoking as the most contributing factor to many early deaths in the US, poor life quality standards, and a huge cost implication to the healthcare system. And if such revelations are not enough to make you twitch, the latest survey from UCDCP shows that a third of all adults in the US are considered being obese and another third are overweight and that Americans are on a

Adenauers Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adenauers Foreign Policy - Essay Example n, anticommunist foreign policy for which Davison & Speier (1957) has expressed their opinion in the following words: "To a generation living with the memories of World War II, into which another German chancellor had plunged the world less than twenty years earlier, Adenauer has been the symbol of sobriety and moderation. His firm adherence to the principles underlying Western civilisation is beyond doubt, and his policies bear no trace of Hitler's nihilism and hybrid". (Davison & Speier, 1957, p. 2) And obviously both Adenauer and Brandt acquire this political characteristic that despite being chancellors of their eras, they only concern about ways to unite the broken Germany, not by aggression but by political diplomacy.Adenauer performed a historic role for confronting various challenging issues just after the Second World War. All his foreign policies lead him towards a single solution i.e., a united Europe and that is what he dreamt about throughout his life. Not only dreamt bu t also implemented his visions in the form of practical solution by developing certain policies, that remained successful in uniting both the East and West of the Germany. The best thing about Adenauer's regime was he did not receive resistance from a large communist minority. However, he received several obstructions on the basis of the opposition he received from the German Social Democratic party. Adenauer's Foreign Policy - German Sovereignty Adenauer felt the need to develop his own foreign policy in the late 1940s when he saw the German policies been threatened by France. At this stage he felt a real need to devise a new set of foreign policies but due to the restriction imposed upon him he was unable to do so. The only option he found open was to secure German sovereignty, and this could only be achieved by integrating FRG (Federal Republic of Germany) to Western Europe. Adenauer recovered Germany by effective foreign and domestic policy thereby standardising the German currency rate in 1948. It was in 1950s when Adenauer succeeded in recognising his new state's entry into Western institutions. In this context the first move he made was the acceptance of the partnership of those nations who at times were Germany's greatest opponents. France was at the top of the list. This was the first step towards establishment of a secure foreign policy that defended German sovereignty. Dissolving the Ruhr Authority Adenauer contributed towards gaining rights of the Ruhr's authority and was able to acquire freedom to the FRG thereby alleviating all provisions and statutes against European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). According to Schwarz (1995) "The economy of Western Europe had to be regarded as an interdependent system and could not prosper without the Ruhr. In his view it followed from this that a forced suppression of the German economy was in no-one's interests. Drawing on his experiences stretching back over almost three decades, he maintained that the establishment of a bloc-free Germany would be unwise, too. He pleaded for a reconstruction of the German economy; this meant that the Ruhr should be internationalised and linked closely with the Western European economic system". (Schwarz, 1995, p. 40) So, the foremost achievement of Adenauer was the independence of Ruhr authority, which without him

Distinctions Between Whats True, Whats False

Distinctions Between Whats True, Whats False The statement There are no absolute distinctions between what is true and what is false is both correct and incorrect when examining certain areas of knowledge and ways of knowing. To evaluate the statements accuracy we must understand the meaning of the words true, false and absolute. In my opinion something that has been proven as correct or real is true. On the other hand, something which has failed to be proven true is false, yet this definition itself may be incorrect as others might argue that a claim which has not been credited as true does not necessarily mean it is false. Lastly, the term absolute is something perfect or unlimited. However, how can something be proven true, and if it has, then who determines when there is enough proof to make it true? Normally we rely on evidence to help us prove the validity of a claim, particularly for historical and scientific claims. On the other hand, evidence used could contain problems of knowledge due to bias which could be associate d with it. Therefore, what kind of evidence is needed to have a justified truth in the different areas of knowledge? In my opinion, perception is one of the most important ways of knowing, since we often depend on it to determine whether a claim is true or false. For example, the existence of light is considered a fact due to perceptionyet to a person who has been blind their whole life, light would be considered a myth since they have never perceived it. On the other hand, perception can deceive us and lead us away from the truth. Take for instance a schizophrenic patient. Science has proven that people who suffer schizophrenia are delusional.  [1]  The people they interact with are true to them but their existence to us is false. What gives us the right to deny their existence? Perhaps we are the ones who have a barrier to our senses that stops us from seeing what schizophrenic patients see. Therefore perception could be considered relative as it creates different truths to different individuals and is therefore subjective. Nevertheless it is not just perception alone which leads us to the tr uth. Science is a discipline that is based on hard, objective and systematic evidence before truths can be reached. Through tests and observations possible explanations or hypotheses are formed and later developed into scientific claims which could be regarded as true or false. For example, the cell theory, which states that all living organisms are composed of cells, that cells are the smallest units of life and that they come from pre-existing cells, was derived from several similar hypotheses and then confirmed after many scientists experiments and observations.  [2]  The cell theory is considered true by a large number of scientists yet it can be argued that we cannot claim that the theory is an absolute truth since new evidence can appear and contradict explanations to the theory which could lead, after further experimentation, to new and improved knowledge and a more accurate truth. This is apparent when examining the induced-fit model by Koshland which was discovered after the lock and key model was developed to describe the mechanism of enzyme action.  [3]  The induced model highlighted that certain enzymes could catalyse several similar reactions contradicting the belief that enzymes were as rigid as previously proposed by the lock and key model. From the above examples we can see that scientists are able to distinguish between a true claim and a false one, to a certain extent, and that new truths are built from previous claims which were/are believed to be true but, that it is almost impossible to state that a claim is the absolute truth. I believe the problem with scientific claims is that most scientists have not tested the validity of the previous scientific truths on which they build their new scientific claim. This makes the previous scientific truths, subjective truths, but scientists use these subjective truths in the hope of finding objective truth. Meanwhile, not all scientific claims which have been proven true remain true. Science has witnessed paradigm shifts such as the shift in the belief that stress and spicy food were the causes to stomach ulcers. This was thought because the idea of bacterium surviving in the acidic environment of a stomach was not a possibility, yet it was later proven that the true cause of ulcers was a bacterium known as Helicobacter pylori which lives in the mucus layer near the stomach wall cells.  [4]  This example shows that science has its limitations at certain points of time and that what we believe is true today may not be true tomorrow, therefore embracing Karl Poppers idea of falsification. These paradigm shifts also lead to the idea that there may be no absolute proof in science that can verify nor falsify the validity of a scientific hypothesis. Therefore, should science embrace the concept of relativism, the idea that some claims are true for some people but not necessarily true for all?  [5]  If we deny the concept of relativism, would it prevent us from moving forward and gaining new knowledge since scientific knowledge comes from known truths? I believe that we should bear in mind the chance that any scientific claim known now could be altered or changed at any moment, but as knowers ourselves we should avoid gullibility by continuing to question these scientific claims especially during classes such as the sciences where we as students are exposed to these claims through secondary sources. History is an area of knowledge where determining true historical claims is very different from in science since knowers cannot directly observe the past.  [6]  It is up to historians and the evidence left behind to develop historical claims and prove their validity. During a History class, I was asked to evaluate a few sources of evidence in relation to the Vietnam War. Each source showed different aspects of the war. Here, I was introduced to propaganda and how far off from the truth it can lead people. Certain evidence such as photographs can deceive us again due to our perception as each person may conclude something different. The media is often accused of using certain photographs which appear to convey a certain message leading to biases. Reasoning, one of the ways of knowing, is used in order to conclude on past events. However, how reliable is the historical evidence? Is it all correct, or does it consist of fabricated facts? I once gave a seminar on the Arab-Israeli conflict, the central conflict in the novel One More River, by Lynne Reid Banks. Countries such as the US have failed to solve this conflict due to the two stories of each nation. For both Palestinians and Israelis, most of the evidence they have is based on their beliefs and stories. However stories in history are often not considered as legitimate evidence, for the truth to be determined. Where does the truth really lie with the assumption that previous generations of both sides may have tried to hide the truth in order to insure that future generations could continue to claim the land as their own? Other nations are involved in trying to resolve this conflict, and emotions can play a major part in determining whose side you take through religious or linguistic affinity. The media play on emotion and help shape peoples opinions towards certain topics through the very language, tone and imagery that are used. Language and emotions can either mask the truth or make it clearer. The media are full of news stories that project their own biases, often negatively influencing the perception of the readers/viewers. In such instances, it is almost impossible to establish what is true and what is really false. Mathematics is an area of knowledge which begins logically from a set of axioms (assumptions)  [7]  from which objective truth is stereotypically claimed to be present. For example, 1+1 will always equal 2 yet this example faces counter-claims such as the fact that 1+1= from an artistic perspective forms a window. It could also be argued that when looking at a real life situation where 1 man and 1 woman enter a house we should have 2 people in the house according to the definition, but what if the woman is in the early stages of pregnancy? Therefore in contrary to perception, there would be more than two living human beings in the house, disproving the mathematical definition. An example of objective truth in mathematics is the fact that parallel lines never meet. If they meet, then they would no longer be parallel. In my opinion, math is the not the strongest area of knowledge which agrees with the statement at hand since distinctions between true and false mathematical claims i s possible. However, some areas in mathematics remain subjective. For instance, it could be argued that in order to solve a mathematical equation, mathematical theories and laws must be accepted, making the truth in maths subjective. Over all, after examining three of the six main areas of knowledge, mathematics seems to least support the claim that There are no absolute distinctions between what is true and what is false, as there is much objective truth in mathematics. We see that different areas of knowledge use different ways of knowing as evidence to distinguish between true and false statements in addition to the problems associated with them. Lastly we see how difficult it is to state that absolute truths exist as well as form an absolute distinction between what is true and what is false. Word count: 1598