An overview of audit committees Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2680 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Good corporate governance is vital to the efficient operation of the financial markets. Investors need to feel confident that organisations are suitably managed and controlled and that the levels of risk within the organisation are carefully managed in a way that minimises many of the financial and operational risks to which the investors would otherwise be exposed. Corporate governance covers a wide range of issues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An overview of audit committees Example For Free" essay for you Create order For example, majority shareholders can exercise undue influence over the minority shareholders; therefore, there are legislative requirements in place to ensure that this power is not abused. The entire issue of corporate governance can be largely attributed to the principal / agency problem that exists where the directors are responsible for the day to day running of the company, yet this is carried out on behalf of the shareholders and not for their own good. Governance is, therefore, required to ensure that the directors do not act for their own benefit in favour of the benefits of the owners. Corporate governance principles are based on the four key concepts of responsibility, accountability, transparency and fairness. In an attempt to fulfil these requirements the financial reporting council has brought in a combined code dealing with the key issues of reporting, remuneration of directors, accountability and audit within the company. It is the area of audit management upon wh ich this analysis is focussed and will discuss in more depth. What is an Audit Committee? As part of the combined code established by the financial reporting council, every publicly listed company must have an audit committee as a committee of the board of directors and it is specifically charged with the role of overseeing financial reporting and the way in which disclosures are made[1]. For all companies within the FTSE 350, it is necessary to have at least three non-executive directors on the committee; for other companies there must be at least two non-executive directors. Within the committee the combined code requires that at least one member of the committee must have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relevant financial experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, although it is not entirely clear what this relevant experience entails. For smaller companies, the company chairman can be on the committee but is prohibited from being the chair. As well as managing the internal reporting and disclosure, the auditing committee is charged with maintaining the relationship between the company and the auditors. Every audit committee will have terms of reference to work within but there are also generic requirements as laid down in the in combined code to which every audit committee must adhere. Firstly, it is required to monitor and manage the integrity of the financial statements. Any announcements that the company makes in relation to its financial status as well as any other significant judgments must be considered and approved by the audit committee to ensure that they are as accurate as possible. As well as monitoring the financial statements themselves, the audit committee is responsible for considering the internal controls that the company has in place. In many companies there is a board risk committee that considers the risk management. However, where the issues are more financially specific there will be involvement by the audit committee. These controls are regularly chec ked to ensure that they retain their effectiveness. The audit committee deals with the external auditors including making recommendations to the shareholders in terms of which auditor should be retained or removed as well as dealing with the terms of engagement of the auditors and the related remuneration for the auditors[2]. Once the external auditors have been appointed, the audit committee will act as the main point of contact and will work with the auditors to ensure that independence, objectivity and efficiency of the external auditors is maintained. The issue of external auditors also providing non audit services is a matter that is dealt with by the audit committee. This is potentially an area of considerable controversy and strict ethical rules are put in place to ensure that independence is maintained. As the external auditors provide a necessary check and balance to the accuracy of the financial accounts and ensure that they show a true and fair view of the underlying f inancial position of the company, the relationship between those responsible for the audit and the management team of the company is vital. However, a degree of independence is required if the auditors are to feel that they are able to suitably explore all of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s issues and for this reason the audit committee is considered a suitably independent point of contact that can fully support the efficiency of the auditors role. Scope of the Audit Committee Whilst the concepts and principles of the audit committee are detailed above, the relationship between the audit committee and the management board is often finely balanced and can be a source of conflict. The management board cannot delegate all aspects of financial control and must retain the power to approve the annual financial accounts, to ensure that a framework is in place to manage internal control and risks and to be the ultimate body to approve policies or transactions that have a substantial im pact on the financial position of the company. The role of the audit committee should be clearly defined in the terms of reference. It is a danger that a management board will attempt to delegate all corporate governance issues to the audit committee, which is not within the remit of the combined code. Critically, the audit committee is responsible for managing the controls within the company not for carrying out the control themselves and this distinction is vital. Further guidance has been established from the Financial Reporting Council as part of the Turnbull guidance[3] which suggested key areas for which the audit committee is responsible. A degree of flexibility is necessary but clear terms of references are also required. Typically, terms of reference will include phrases such as advice, review and assessment making up the foundations of their role. The report of the audit committee should be given considerable importance by the board and should form a central part of the boardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s discussion when the report is given to the board. It will highlight areas where there are internal controls that are lacking and monitoring issues that need to be dealt with and these should be targeted by the board. As well as entering into regular discussions with the management board, the chair of the audit committee will have private discussions with the internal and external auditors. These meetings are conducted in private away from any of the executive management board so that the auditors can feel free to express their true opinions without feeling the pressure of the executive member of management listening to all discussions. Ensuring that the lines of communication between the internal and external auditors are open and professional is critical to the quality of the audit report and, as such, the audit committee is critical as a forum for discussion. Facilitating this independence is crucial and should be the cornerstone of the role of the audit committee[4]. Auditing Risks Before considering how effective an auditing committee is in managing and controlling issues in relation to auditing (both internally and externally), the risks related to the process need to be considered. Audit risk, or the risk that the auditor fails to make the correct determination in relation to a set of company accounts, is made up of several different factors. Firstly, there is the inherent risk associated with the process of auditing financial accounts. This is based on the idea that certain companies operate in inherently risky industries, for example, banking or financial institutions. The level of inherent risk does not take into account any internal controls that may be used. The second element of risk is that of control risk and is much more closely linked to the role of the audit committee. The level of control risk is based on the way in which the company is dealing with its inherent risk. When ascertaining the level of con trol risk an auditor will place a great deal of emphasis on the information received from the company and the audit committee in terms of how risks are managed and controlled. Thirdly, there is the detection risk which refers to the risk that if an event does in fact happen, that it is detected by the company. When considering the level of this risk, the auditors will consider the strength of the checks and balances within the company including the power of the audit committee itself. Based on the perceived risk levels of the company as a whole (taking into account the inherent, control and detection risks), the auditor will make their judgment as to how rigorous their testing needs to be. Auditors will always tend to take a cautious approach due to the fact that they have traditionally had a substantial risk exposure if they give an incorrect opinion. The auditors are considered joint and severally liable and often find themselves facing large claims. The recent Companies Act 2006 allows the auditors to enter into an agreement with the company to limit their liability to the company for errors in auditing. The level of this limitation is also likely to be a matter for discussion between the audit committee and the auditors, with the risks that the auditors are facing playing a fundamental role in this discussion[5]. Efficiency of the Audit Committee Having established the role of the audit committee the question of how effective it is in achieving its aims is a natural next step for the analysis. One thing that seems reasonably standard is that very few companies regularly undertake any evaluation or monitoring of the performance of the audit committee itself. This makes ascertaining the efficiency of audit committees in general particularly difficult to undertake and in itself highlights a weakness in the audit committee process. Evaluation and regular review is essential for any committee and the audit committee should be no exception. The Au dit Quality Forum, as part of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales, has undertaken considerable research into this area. Through panel discussions, the forum ascertained that the effectiveness and quality of the audit committee is almost entirely down to the way in which the audit committee is instructed[6]. Clear terms of reference and information in relation to its role are essential. Where there are very broad terms, the audit committee is likely to be considerably less effective. As well as the formal role definition, it has been recognised that the informal processes undertaken by the audit committee are equally important to the overall efficiency of the process. As previously suggested, the relationship on an interpersonal level between the audit committee and the internal and external auditors is critical to the success of the auditing process, as a whole. Therefore, the interpersonal and behavioural relations should not be ignored when considering t he efficiency of the audit committee overall. In accordance with recent research, the interpersonal relationships and the behavioural approach of the committee members is the most influential factor in determining the efficiency of the committee, as a whole[7]. Depending on the informal networks, the audit committee may take the approach of adviser, deterrent or controller and the chosen approach will have a much greater impact than the strict terms of reference. Further research into the way that a committee must operate in order to be effective has revealed that the make up of the committee is much more critical than originally thought. Research indicates that audit committees essentially must be independent and willing to challenge all internal activities. They must be inherently sceptical and lacking this independence or financial ability to probe deeply would have a substantially detrimental impact on the effectiveness of the audit committee, overall[8]. Research, therefo re, indicates that audit committees are not operating entirely efficiently and, in reality, the informal networks surrounding the committee produce the most effective controls and not the strict formal controls. Future Recommendations for the Audit Committee One of the key weaknesses with many audit committees is that they are simply not monitored for effectiveness. Therefore, it is suggested that a scheme of reviewing the audit committee itself should be undertaken. In order to improve the effectiveness of the audit committee, it is necessary to ascertain how it is currently performing. To do this, the following factors should be considered: How well the audit committee is performing in relation to its terms of reference. Is it meeting all laid out criteria such as timely reports to the board? Querying with the external auditors how useful they feel the audit committee is being in supporting their role; Asking the management board how much confidence they have in the audit committee and the quality of the guidance they produce; Asking the individual members of the committee how they feel the chair is performing; Analysing the quality of the recommendations produced by the committee; and Analysing the level of the changes that are implemented following the recommendations of the audit committee. These checks are absolutely essential and should become standard process within any company that has an audit committee. By evaluating the role of the audit committee, not only will any weaknesses by unveiled but it will also naturally encourage the committee to perform more effectively, knowing that it will be monitored and evaluated[9]. As well as monitoring the activities of the committee, more attention should be given to ensure that the correct people are appointed to the committee. Relevant financial knowledge should be more closely defined to ensure that there is suitable expertise as part of the committee to allow for sufficiently directed probing of the management board. A combination of these two factors will improve the effectiveness of the role of the audit committee, as a whole. Conclusions Audit committees are a vital part of all large companies. They act in a vital corporate governance role to ensure that the financial reporting and auditing functions are un dertaken, efficiently. Stakeholders place a great deal of reliance on the audited accounts; therefore, ensuring that the relevant controls are in place is absolutely essential. Despite the importance of the audit committee, there is currently no widespread check on the efficiency of these committees and informal channels are perceived to be more important than the official terms of reference. In order to achieve the greatest possible value out of these committees, further regulation and monitoring is required. Bibliography Braiotta, Louis, Braiotta, Louis, Jr., The Audit Committee Handbook, John Wiley and Sons, 2004 Corgel, Richard, Geron, John, Riley, John, CEO leadership in improving corporate governance: the significance of CEO support to the effectiveness of the audit committee, Handbook of Business Strategy, 5, 1, 2004 Financial Reporting Council, Turnbull Guidance on Internal Control, Financial Reporting Council, October 2005 Hemraj, Mohammed B., Corporate go vernance: directors, shareholders and the Audit Committee, Journal of Financial Crime, 11, 2, 2003 Hicks Midanek, Deborah, An inside look at audit committees, Journal of Investment Compliance, 2004 Lin, Jerry W., Li, June F., Yang, Joon S., The effect of audit committee performance on earnings quality, Managerial Auditing Journal, 21, 9, 2006 Soltani, Bahram, Auditing: An International Approach, Pearson Education, 2007 Spira, Laura F., The Audit Committee: Performing Corporate Governance, Springer, 2002 Turley, Stuart, Zaman, Mahbub, Audit committee effectiveness: informal processes and behavioural effects, Journal: Accounting, Auditing Accountability, 2007 Footnotes [1] Spira, Laura F., The Audit Committee: Performing Corporate Governance, Springer, 2002002 [2] Lin, Jerry W., Li, June F., Yang, Joon S., The effect of audit committee performance on earnings quality, Managerial Auditing Journal, 21, 9, 2006 [3] Financial Reporting Council, Turnbull Guidance on Internal Control, Financial Reporting Council, October 2005 [4] Soltani, Bahram, Auditing: An International Approach, Pearson Education, 2007 [5] Braiotta, Louis, Braiotta, Louis, Jr., The Audit Committee Handbook, John Wiley and Sons, 2004 [6] Corgel, Richard, Geron, John, Riley, John, CEO leadership in improving corporate governance: the significance of CEO support to the effectiveness of the audit committee, Handbook of Business Strategy, 5, 1, 2004 [7] Turley, Stuart, Zaman, Mahbub, Audit committee effectiveness: informal processes and behavioural effects, Journal: Accounting, Auditing Accountability, 2007 [8] Hicks Midanek, Deborah, An inside look at audit commit tees, Journal of Investment Compliance, 2004 [9] Hemraj, Mohammed B., Corporate governance: directors, shareholders and the Audit Committee, Journal of Financial Crime, 11, 2, 2003

Cancer - 973 Words

Rough Draft University Composition and Communications ll Stephanie Marschner One of the most famous testicular cancer survivors said, â€Å"Pain is temporary, quitting last forever!† –Lance Armstrong Cancer remains the second most common cause of death in the US, accounting for nearly 1 of every 4 deaths. Is being diagnosed with testicular cancer, a death sentence? Testicular cancer is not common; a man’s lifetime risk of getting it is about 1 in 270. The risk of dying from this cancer is about 1 in 5,000. Every year, in the U.S., an estimated 8500 men are diagnosed with testicular cancer and about 350 die from the disease. That averages to every hour of every day some man hears,† You have testicular cancer.† (Testicular†¦show more content†¦According to the American Cancer Society, the survival rates are 96 percent regionally. (SEER) data base 2003-2009. Are you a man? Then self-exam. Regular self-examination is so important and many times self-exam discoveries of specific changes lead to the early detection of testicular cancer, not by doctors, but by those who regularly look for lumps, or enlarged or hardening of the testicles. This early detection is paramount to the survival rate and for those who catch this type of cancer early will see a 95 percent survival rate from testicular cancer. However, it is important to seek medical attention immediately, if there are any uncertain questions, concerning any changes to the testicles. (National Cancer Institute) 2014 Why don’t men go to the doctor? This question has been around since Adam first ate the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden. I am not sure if the answer will ever be discovered, however it is certain that those men who regularly self-examine themselves, have a greater chance of early testicular detection, than those who do not. Is being diagnosed with testicular cancer a death sentence? It could be for those who ignore the warning signs. Despite the fact that cancer remains the second most common cause of death in the US., testicular cancer survival rates remain at 95 percent, with early detection and proper treatment. This means that personal self-examination and annual doctors visits could raise yourShow MoreRelatedCancer : Cancer And Cancer1673 Words   |  7 PagesCancer Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new cases in 2012.2 The amount of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next 2 decades. Cancer which causes nearly 1 in 6 deaths, is the second leading cause of death globally, and was responsible for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globallyRead MoreCancer And Cancer1309 Words   |  6 Pagesmanuscript was indicating how a particular gene is connected to how tumors/cancer are suppressed and how tumors/cancer also grow and multiply. When the codon is manipulated and mutated, the point in which the codon becomes altered, or the point in which the p53 gene is stimulated, forms reactions that may be harmful or can be non-threatening. The reaction that could be harmful could generate destruction to the gene and therefore form cancer. A non -threatening reaction may cause a reconstruction in the mutationRead MoreOvarian Cancer : Cancer And Cancer988 Words   |  4 Pages Ovarian cancer is a disease in which malignant or cancerous cells are found in the ovaries. The ovaries are two small organs that are located on each side of the uterus. The way cancer develops is when cells begin to grow out of control. Cancer cells are different from normal cells because they continue to grow and instead of dying, they create abnormal cells that form into a tumor. Woman around age 35-74, ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death. The earlier this cancer is treated theRead MoreCancer : Cancer And Cancer1998 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract In women, one of the most common cancers of course is breast cancer, in men prostate cancer and in men and women, lung cancer and colon cancer are common cancers. It is important to understand that the cancer that occurs in one individual is very different from the cancer that occurs in another. Everyone is different; a lung tumor in one person will be different from a lung tumor in another person. Once a diagnosis of cancer is made, the next obvious question is what do you do? ThereRead MoreCancer And Cancer705 Words   |  3 PagesI would refer a family friend or colleague to the American Cancer Society (ACS) website where a huge selection of support programs is offered throughout treatment and recovery (ACS, 2017c). There is an entire section dedicated to assisting with finding resources in whatever area someone is in or near and different programs from which to choose (ACS, 2017c). Visitors of the website can also filter their search based on an array of different choices ra nging from, but not limited to, advocacy, assistanceRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1341 Words   |  6 PagesWhat I chose to research on my cancer project was breast cancer, since breast cancer is one of the second deadliest cancers among women I felt like I should research into this topic more in-depth. Anyone, no matter male or female, we are born with some breast cells and tissue. Even though males do not develop milk-producing breasts, a man s breast cells and tissue can still develop cancer. Male breast cancer is very rare, yet more fatale because they are less likely to assume the lump is possiblyRead MoreOvarian Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1577 Words   |  7 PagesOvarian cancer is also one of the cancer that is affecting millions of women in today’s world. The previous researches were claiming that ovarian cancer comes from ovary cells. However, studies have found that ovarian cancer could be coming from fallopian tube. Dr. Burdette’s lab researched how fallopian tube can be contributing to ovarian cancer, and her research shows strong evidence of how does it occurs. It is very important to find a cure for ovarian cancer, otherwise deaths due to ovarian cancerRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1115 Words   |  5 Pagesaround the world develops the most common disease called Breast Cancer. In the United States, about 200,000 women suffer from this disease and it causes more than 40,000 death each year. Breast cancer is a cancer cell (malignant tumor) that forms in the breast. The cancerous cells grow in the breast and then invade the healthy cells and the surrounding tissues of the breast and it can also spread into other parts of the body. Breast cancer is more common in women but men can also get it too. One of theRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer896 Words   |  4 PagesBefore going in depth, let us first define what breast cancer is. According to the National Breast Cancer.Org â€Å"Cancer is a broad ter m for a class of diseases characterized by abnormal cells that grow and invade healthy cells in the body. Breast cancer starts in the cells of the breast as a group of cancer cells that can then invade surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body.† Cancer begins in the cells which are the basic building blocks that make up tissue. Tissue isRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1831 Words   |  8 PagesBreast Cancer Studies shows men are diagnosed with breast cancer contrary to the perception that this disease is solely diagnose in women. What is breast cancer in men? Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts from cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that may grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread metastasize to distance of the body (Article 1).Women Manly have breast cancer but men can get it also. Some people doesn’t realize that men have breast tissues

The Cold War Essay examples - 2552 Words

The Cold War When World War II in Europe finally came to an end on May 7, 1945, a new war was just beginning. The Cold War: denoting the open yet restricted rivalry that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, a war fought on political, economic, and propaganda fronts, with limited recourse to weapons, largely because of fear of a nuclear holocaust.1 This term, The Cold War, was first used by presidential advisor Bernard Baruch during a congressional debate in 1947. Intelligence operations dominating this war have been conducted by the Soviet State Security Service (KGB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), representing the two power blocs, East and West respectively,†¦show more content†¦This organization had fallen into the disfavor of many involved in the federal administration at this time. This included the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), J. Edgar Hoover, who did not like competition from a rival intelligence organization. With the death of Roosevelt in April of 1945, the OSS was disbanded under Truman and departments were either relocated or completely dissolved. Soviet intelligence began with the formation of the Cheka, secret police, under Feliks Dzerzhinsky at the time of the revolution. By 1946, this agency had evolved into the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), and the Ministry of State Security (MGB) both ruled by Lavrenti Beria. This man was undoubtedly the most powerful man in the Soviet Union with a vast empire of prison camps, and informants to crush any traces of dissent. Of considerable importance to Beria was the race for the atomic bomb. The Soviet Union and the United States both plundered the German V-2 rocket sites for materials and personnel. In 1946 the MVD was responsible for the rounding up of 6000 scientists from the Soviet zone of Germany and taking them and their dependents to the Soviet Union.2 The political conflicts of the 1930s and World War II left many educated people with the impression that only communism could combat economic depression and fascism. It was easy for Soviet agents to recruit men who wouldShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Cold War1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a state of political and military tension stemming from World War II fought primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the start and end dates of the Cold War are frequently disputed over, it is generally accepted that the conflict started at the conclusion of the Second World War and stemmed from the social climate and lingering tensions in Europe and the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union and the United States. 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The war mainly consisted of assumed and implied threats of nuclear attacks and political control over states in Europe. Even before 1945, the beginning of the Cold War, tension brewed between the U.S and the U.S.S.R. Both sides had differing views on Europe s state after the war. For instance, programs like the Marshall PlanRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War961 Words   |  4 Pages1945, beginning year of the Cold Wa r. The development of cold war just started after the end of world War ||. The cold war was the result of conflict between two powerful country Soviet Union and United State. The war was regarding to the lead the world after the World War ||. The Soviet Union wanted to emerge its power to the world and so do the United States too. 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Observation Of A Church Baptist - 1580 Words

Observation: Sunday, April 8, 2017, I attended my girlfriend Erin and her family to go to church they are part of a church called Missionary Memorial Baptist. This is in her hometown of Rusk Texas which is 45 minutes’ way from Tyler. Her father Mr. Flower is an ordained minister at the church he had something I was curious about was that he use to be Pentecostal and I wanted to know why he converted to Missionary Baptist. He started with setting up with the sound system they have at the church this including the microphone on the pedestal and the stereo. After the everything is prepared and tested the pastor of the church Pastor Odis Bryan walks in greeting Mr. Flowers, the family and myself included. He makes his way to the pedestal†¦show more content†¦After Pastor Bryan’s sermon, a man who is the choir director asked everyone to stand up a be to grab their hymn books asking them to turn to a page to sing Victory in Jesus every member in the church stood up f rom the there pew and sang Victory in Jesus. Towards the end of the hymn, he asked if there are any members who wish to sing a woman stood up and headed towards the pedestal and announced that she will be singing Amazing grace. As she finished her song the entire church applauds her when she stepped down Pastor Bryan announced that Mr. Flowers will be starting his sermon. Mr. Flowers stepped up from the pew that was in front of the pedestal and began talking about how in life some people are miss guided and need someone to help them get on the right path to God. Ending his sermon, the pastor thanked everyone for coming and have a blessed day. Members started standing up some started to leave others stayed a little long to talk with others. When everything was over I helped, the family clean up the church and then Erin and I said goodbye to her family and entered the car and headed back to Tyler. Interview: Friday 14,2017, I interviewed Erin Flowers whom I have been dating for two years. I chose to interview her because are the main difference in our relationship is our beliefs.Show MoreRelatedObservation Of My Field Work Experience At Prince Avenue Baptist Church1705 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This essay will cover the observation of my field work experience at Prince Avenue Baptist Church. I will discuss the importance of character education, motivation, and development (cognitive, social, and moral). I observed these concepts being utilized and portrayed and will discuss the details of each. I will conclude with how I plan to use these certain theories and concepts in my future classroom. 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Huckleberry Finn Ending Controversy Free Essays

Mark Twain is widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the history of the United States, having spun many memorable and iconic tales in his own creative and unique style. Held high in this position as a great â€Å"American† novelist, Twain flirted with the creation of a universal masterpiece in his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. However, critics disagree on whether or not Twain’s work with Huckleberry Finn truly reaches the stature of a masterpiece, and that disagreement stems from the course the author chose for his conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Huckleberry Finn Ending Controversy or any similar topic only for you Order Now T. S Eliot finds Twain’s ending to be true to his style and the rest of the novel. Leo Marx finds that the ending abandons the apparent goals of the novel, leaving the work short of excellence. Twain ventured into the arena of greatness by combining two timelessly classic elements, and casting them as the central â€Å"characters† of his work. According to Eliot, Twain uses the â€Å"character† of the Mississippi River to relate to all nature, and he uses the title character of Huckleberry Finn to relate to the boy of mankind. Twain uses the former to guide the story and the latter to experience it. He engages the reader with his signature, easily accessed narrative and builds a strong foundation from these two universal elements. The only real question is the payoff; can the strength of the beginning be carried through to the end? This is where debate ensues, for Twain seemingly departs from the path he has laid throughout the novel to bring the story to resolution in a manner consistent with Twain’s writing, but not so much with the established course of this novel. Critics, such as T. S. Eliot, see the story’s ending, filled with the game-like attempts of the Tom Sawyer to free Jim, as a way to bring the reader back to the feelings of the beginning of the novel. It is a position with which I cannot disagree more. Instead, it is the view of Leo Marx that I see as the best dissection of the ending of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, one filled with flaws, significant enough that they â€Å"jeopardize the significance of the entire novel. † (Marx 291) Marx points out that the beginning of Huck’s journey with Jim has one specific goal, the goal to get Jim to freedom. This is made clear when Huck discovers the Duke and the Dauphin have sold Jim, causing Huck to say: After all this long journey . . . here was it all come to nothing, everything all busted up and ruined, because they could have the heart to erve Jim such a trick as that, and make him a slave again all his life, and amongst strangers, too, for forty dirty dollars. (199) Marx states â€Å"Huck knows that the journey will have been a failure unless it takes Jim to freedom. (294) However, at the end of the book we discover through Tom that Jim is already free. The impact of this revelation threatens the entire purpose o f the journey, and diminishes the events along the way. Possibly the most disappointing aspect of the ending is Tom’s plan to free Jim from the barn. Filled with humor and games, the freeing of Huck’s close friend is made into a joke. This comes after the fact that (1), Huck has made his journey down the river a quest for Jim’s freedom, and (2), Huck’s â€Å"growth in stature† (as characterized by Marx, p. 296) has elevated the tone of the story beyond farce. Two of the most prominent examples of this growth — Huck’s decision to â€Å"go to hell† rather than let Jim be sold back into slavery, and his sorrow felt for the Duke and Dauphin while seeing them run out of town, tarred and feathered, by the angry townsfolk – are trivialized for the sake of a few laughs at the end. We believe that we have experienced a metamorphosis of Huck. Starting as a naive and ignorant child, skeptical about the ways of society, we are lead to believe that Huck finally has a grasp on what it means to be human, as well as a â€Å"mature blending of his instinctive suspicion of human motives with his capacity for pity. † (Marx 295) Huck’s participation in Tom’s scheme not only sacrifices the character growth that seemed a central theme of Twain’s story to that point, but also seems to represent a mishandling of the conflict identified by Marx the difference between â€Å"what people do when they behave as individuals and what they do when forced into roles imposed upon them by society. (Marx 300) Huck is well aware of his goal: freedom for Jim. The relapse of his character without equal awareness is inexplicable without explanation from the author. As Marx points out: The conflict between what people think they stand for and what social pressure forces them to do is central to the novel. It is present to t he mind of Huck and, indeed, accounts for his most serious inner conflicts. He knows how he feels about Jim, but he knows what he is expected to do about Jim. 300) The idea of freedom in the minds of Huck and Jim are different from the simple definition of freedom, â€Å"for freedom in this book specifically means freedom from society and its imperatives† according to Marx (p. 303) The freedom sought by Huck and Jim is freedom both in the literal sense of being free from slavery, and in the figurative sense of being free from society’s expectations. However, given Huck’s questionable decision to go along with Tom, Huck gives into social pressure once again. He has given in to they ways which we were lead to believe he had overcome; he has given into the one convention he set out to escape from in the first place. It is with the appearance of Tom, that Huck’s quest for freedom no longer seems so important, even though he was previously willing to â€Å"go to hell† for what he had so diligently fought for along the way. The idea, the goal, is devalued for no clear reason. Such a departure of character cannot go simply unaddressed by the author. With Huck shifting back into the childish role we observed in the beginning of the novel, we also see yet another character simultaneously regressing, Jim. The tedious, degrading actions of the boys, in an effort to free Jim, are at first noted by Jim as such. However, he quickly becomes inexplicably submissive and accepting of what the boys are doing to him. This bears no resemblance to the Jim presented to the reader when the two companions were on the river. Twice Huck plays practical jokes on Jim, and twice Jim calls him out as being disrespectful, hurtful, and inconsiderate. And now, with freedom ever so close, the reader is expected accept that Jim’s passion for freedom and intolerance of nonsense has too vanished along with the maturity of Huck. Exactly how Twain expects this to be believable by the readers is questionable, unfortunately an answer is never offered. Instead, Twain seemingly dismisses the growth of his protagonists and resorts to the easy western comedy style from earlier in the novel. In the view of Eliot, this return to the introductory feel of the novel is a perfect example of great literary form. Instead, this return is nothing more than the apparent defeat of our seemingly maturing protagonist. Eliot’s argument that this return is of great form causes Marx to note in rebuttal, â€Å"A unified work must surely manifest coherence of meaning and clear development of theme,† and this regression of character fails to do either. With the ending of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn being so clearly chronicled by Marx as a failure to complete the initiated theme, it is left only to see Eliot’s argument for the greatness of the ending as an argument refuted. As clear as Marx’s chronicle, it is equally clear that â€Å"Huck Finn’s besetting problem [is] the disparity between his best impulses and the behavior the community attempted to impose upon him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Marx 304). It is this disparity that needs resolution in order to have a proper ending to Huckleberry Finn. It is the transformation of the character, Huck Finn, through progression, not regression that would make the book a pure work of excellence. How to cite Huckleberry Finn Ending Controversy, Papers

Information Management Systems Official Data Framework

Question: Discuss about theInformation Management Systems for Official Data Framework. Answer: Introduction The information management systems focus on the administration of the data with a specific end goal to give proficiency and the adequacy of strategic decision making. The idea could incorporate the frameworks which are named as exchange preparing framework, master framework and the official data framework (Dumais, Cutrell, Cadiz, Jancke, Sarin Robbins, 2016). The term is utilized as a part of the investigation of business and has associations in zones, for example, data frameworks, e-trade, e-business framework and the Business Insight framework (Alexander, 2013). The data frameworks are typically modernized databases of the money related data that are customized and sorted out in a way they repeats reports at each level of the administration in the organization. The primary reason for having a MIS is to give the chiefs' criticism all alone execution, particularly for the top administration to have the capacity to screen the organization has an entirety. The data that is shown in th e MIS demonstrates the genuine information against the outcome that is arranged. The MIS can get the information from the organization units and capacities (Baskerville Wood-Harper, 2016). Some of these information are gathered consequently from the PC that is connected on the checkout counters. The essay tends to address on the development of the management information system for Northumnria Country Food (NCF). The company has decided in order to be competitive they need to make a lot of changes on the way they manage on their data. The company is expanding rapidly thus they intend to be still relevant from the other competitors who are catching up on them (David David, 2016). The organization is considering to implement on either BI system, E-business system or the development of a social media presence. All these three development system are to be implemented on the long term of the business needs, but currently they will consider one of them in the short terms benefits. The es say will explore on the benefits of NCF adopting on the information system, highlight on the best system to prioritize on the short term basis, the implementation steps of the new systems and the impact it will have on the organization. Lastly, the essay will look on what to develop for NCF for the future growth of the company. Benefits of Adopting the Information Systems One of the benefit for adopting of information system it leads to effective communication in the business. Having rapid communication in organization will help to increase on the productivity, thus allowing better basic leadership and in addition steer the organization venture into new nations. The utilization of the email servers, chat services could act as the foundation of the organization interchanges (Galliers Leidner, 2014). The utilization of these electronic based frameworks scatters routine and give a fast and productive business data. Another advantages its give productivity in the business. Having streamlined work process framework, and the mutual stockpiling community oriented work space could expand productivity in the business and permit the representatives to prepare an incredible level of work over a brief timeframe. The utilization of the data framework could help in mechanizing of the normal undertakings, with a specific end goal to make the information examination much less demanding and store the information in a way that it can be recovered much speedier in future (Laudon, 2004). Reception of data framework helps an organization to increase upper hand over their opponents. On account of organizations who are utilizing the main mover system could utilize the data innovation to make on the new items, separate their items from existing in the market or improving on the client benefit. The association that takes after on the minimal effort item methodology could look to the data innovation framework arrangement keeping in mind the end goal to decrease their cost through the expansion of the profitability and the lessened requirement for the overhead of the workers. Another advantage of data framework it acquires monetary efficiencies the business. The association could outfit the data innovation assets to bring down their expenses. An illustration, an association could bring together on their finance capacities to one area keeping in mind the end goal to bring down on the expenses of the workers (Layton, 2016). The monetary efficiencies could be acknowledged by moving of the costs that are high to an online domain. The utilization of the data frameworks helps the business in deciding. The whole deal achievement of affiliation depends on upon the adequacy of its key plans. The data framework can be utilized to figure the key arrangements and subsequently settles on the choices for the association. The business for the most part uses the data framework in the assessment data from every one of the sources. Finally, the utilization of the data framework help the business forms. It helps the business to build up an extensive number of the esteem included framework in the association (Liebowitz Frank, 2016). For instance, the organization could coordinate the data framework with their assembling cycle so as to guarantee that the yield they deliver consents to the necessity of the quality administration measures. Business System to Prioritize for NCF Company NCF is currently seeking to expand on their business. In order to stay ahead of the competitors they need to implement information system in order to make decision more quickly. The company need implement business intelligence system, E-business and develop a social media presence flat form (Nedelcu, 2013). All these system cannot be implemented at once, since the cost that will be incurred will be very huge. The business therefore, need to implement one of the system for the short term benefits (Peltier, 2016). To tackle this situation, there is need to analyze each of the system and suggest on the best system the company could employ in regards to the three system. The business intelligence system is a PC based framework that is utilized by the association for basic leadership purposes. There is presence of huge data warehouse of the business in order to produce the appropriate results or the report (Prager Sparago, 2004). The BI applications incorporate extensive variety of exercises, for example, factual investigation, reporting, business performance analysis, forecasting and predictive analysis. Business intelligence has various advantages such as it provide solutions that are timely. This will allows the clients to make the hoc requests and acquire specially appointed reports when expected to tackle on the problem. Secondly, improves on the operational efficiency. This can be achieved through providing real time reports to the customer and employees. The use of this system will help to solve problems as well as easy errors using detection and correction tools (Schwalbe, 2015). Additionally, it helps improve better relationship with the cus tomers as well as the suppliers. This is achieved through analyzing of the historical data that can be reviewed on previous performance of the suppliers such as delivery schedules, and quality of the product these will be vital in negotiating. Further, the system can help reduce on the delays as well as the backlogs. The use of the BI system allows the user to design on the queries in their system and generate of report. The HRM could be implemented more productively by distributing of the build-up work to alternate representatives therefore reduce on the delays (Schwalbe, 2015). Other advantage of the system is that it helps to understand the customer better, better decision are made from the report that are generated from the system and there is creation of an informed and qualified sales staff. The BI technologies provides historical, current and the predictive views of the business operations. The common functions of the business intelligence is to reporting, analytics data mini ng, and business performance management. BI advancements give the chronicled, present and prescient view on the operations of the business. It can be utilized to bolster on the scope of the business choices from the operational perspective to strategic planning in the business. The basic decision that are carried using BI system is on product positioning or perhaps the price of the product. The use of the BI system helps the organizations to gain on the insight into the new market, assess demand as well as suitability of the products. The BI data is usually stored in the data warehouse which are able to hold the subsets of the information of the organizations. The E-business system can be regarded as the wide concept which embraces all the aspect of the use of the information technology in the business. It deals with all the aspect of buying and selling as well as serving the customers (Trainor, Andzulis, Rapp Agnihotri, 2014). The e-business system are usually divided into three components these are; business to customer, business to business and the business to worker. Today all these is accomplished through electronic advancements. The utilization of the electronic business techniques empowers the organizations to have the capacity to connect their inner and the outside procedures to be able to be efficient and flexible. Furthermore, this system helps the business to work close with the suppliers and the partners in order to satisfy on the needs of the customers (Yalagandula Dahlin, 2004). Practically, this helps to provide new and better streams of revenues through the use of the electronic business system. The electronic business al so helps to enhance on the relationship between the client and the partners and improves on the efficiency using the management system knowledge. Through the use of this system it provide opportunity to define the relationship with the customer, saving cost on transaction and helps to get the customer knowledge thus enabling the organization to have an upper hand to the rivals. The e-business systems are usually set of online technology or tools which the business can use in the conducting of the business through the internet. The use of this system will help the organization to connect with the customer, process their orders as well as the management of the information. the very Centre of the E-business system it is essentially a website, email account and the internet connection, these three components form the E-business system, which help to integrate on the tools of the business and connect the user to the web. The E-business technology is more than the internet account. One needs to have tangible equipment in order to access and utilize on the system. The social media is essentially a computer mediated system that allow people, organization or the government to view, create and share ideas and information through the virtual communities and the network. The social media system uses the web based as well as the mobile technologies to create an interactive platforms that people, or organizations could share or discuss content that are posted online. The use of the social media changes on the way people communicate between businesses, and organization (Alexander, 2013). These changes are on the focus on the emerging technological advancement. The social media has differed from the traditional electronic media such as television broadcasting in many ways in terms of quality, permanence and the usability. This has been in contrast to the traditional media which operated under the transmission that was regarded as monologic model. The observer noted the impact of the social media which have been both positive and negative. On the positi ve it could help in improvement of the personal sense of connections with the real online communities, and effective communications. Social media platform helps to improve communication and the productivity of the organization through disseminating the information among the various groups of employees in a manner that is efficient. It also allows employees to discuss on the ideas as well share links (Yalagandula Dahlin, 2004). Additionally, it social media has been found to help expand on the market research, implement on the marketing campaigns, and direct individuals to specific web sites. Best System to Use and Justification among the Three System In the case of NCF Company the best system among the three to prioritize on short term basis is to use Business Intelligence system. Currently, NCF wants to expand on the business to get ahead of the competitors. There are problems that are affecting the company and there is need to handle them as they embark on the expansion. One of the problem is that the company is operating using outdated and inflexible accounting system (Layton, 2016). There is presence of customer database that is not well liked in the organization, there are also problems of unreliable suppliers, and little consumer knowledge on the products and the services they prefer. The use of the BI system will help to optimize on the usage of the data, provide better analysis tools for accounting, improve on the operational efficiency and better relationship will be established with the consumers and the suppliers. These are the current critical aspects that need to be handled I the short term basis, and the best way to handle them is the use of the BI system that has all these capabilities. Steps to Undertaken by NCF to Implement the NewSystem One of the step is to design, develop as well as build. This can be achieved through building a pilot plan of the system in order to find if it suits on the need of the business. Moreover, this is used for validating on the business processes and functionality of the system. Secondly, training testing. Through learning from the pilot system and test data (Layton, 2016). Further, there is need to teach the staff on the best procedures and practices in order to deliver on the functionality. Another step is to identify on the critical success factors. NCF Company need to improve on the relationship with the suppliers and customers (Liebowitz Frank, 2016). Through focusing on these factors it will help the organization to meet on their objective and move closer to achieve on their goals. The organization need to develop on their measures and metric of their data. There is need for the measurement to be put in place in order to track on the progress of the organization. It can be achieve d through use of reporting process which is used to collect the specific data for the customers and the suppliers. NFC need to solicit on the feedback information from the customers (Peltier, 2016). This is the only way for them to know they are meeting the needs and requirement of the customers. It should be a solicit feedback from each customer group to identify on what is important for them. Further Development for Future Growth of NFC Company Various options can be development to further development for growth of the company in the future. One way to achieve this is through the option of diversification Prager Sparago, 2004). This company should weigh on the risks and the cost of opting on the growth against the benefit it would provide in the long run. Diversification could takes many forms such as searching for new markets for the existing products they are producing, and provide new products that existing to the customers. Another way for growth can be trough partnership and joint ventures (Schwalbe, 2015). NCF Company could venture into a partnership in order to create room for more shared decision making platform. Additionally, through the partnership there are more resources, contact, and increased market for the organization.

Apparts Andrew Carnegie Explains the Gospel of Wealth Essay Example For Students

Apparts Andrew Carnegie Explains the Gospel of Wealth Essay Later on e became a bill logger for the owner Of the company. Soon after, he became 3 messenger boy. Eventually he progressed up the ranks of a telegraph company. He built Pittsburgh Carnegie Steel Company, Which was later merged With Albert H. Agars Federal Steel Company and several smaller companies to create LIE. S. Steel. With the fortune he made from business among Others he built Carnegie Hall, later he turned to philanthropy and interests in education. Such as finding the Carnegie Corporation of New York and other educational institutions named after him. Carnegie donated most of his money to establish many libraries, schools, and universities in America, the United Kingdom and other countries, as well as a pension fund for former employees, He is often regarded as the second-richest man in history after John D. Rockefeller. Audience: Carnages view on wealth was expressed to mainly those who were wealthy organizations or individuals that could have been using their financial advantages in charitable and philanthropic ways to better humanity. Reason: Carnegie based his philosophy on the observation that the heirs of large retunes frequently squandered them in riotous living rather than nurturing and growing them. The Main Idea: The central thesis of Carnages essay avgas the peril of allowing large sums Of money to be passed into the hands Of persons or organizations ill-equipped mentally or emotionally to cope with them. As a result, the wealthy entrepreneur must assume the responsibility Of distributing his fortune in a way that will be put to good use, and not wasted on frivolous expenditure. In Wealth, Carnegie examines the modes Of distributing accumulated wealth and UAPITA to the communities it originates from. He preached that ostentatious living and amassing private treasures was wrong. Carnegie made it clear that the rich were best suited for the recirculation of their money back into society where it could be used to support the greater good, given that they are presumed to have a penchant for management of capital. This led to Carnegie using one of his most famous quotes: The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced. Significance: Even giving ones fortune to charity was no guarantee that it would e used Wisely, since there was no guarantee that a charitable organization not under ones direction would use the money in accordance with ones wishes. Carnegie disapproved Of charitable giving that merely maintained the poor in their impoverished state, and urged a movement toward the creation of a new mode of giving which would create opportunities for the beneficiaries of the gift to better themselves. As a result, the gift would not be merely consumed, but would be productive of even greater wealth throughout the society.